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Nearby towns in the fourth Upper Egyptian nome were Per-Hathor, Madu, Djerty, Iuny, Sumenu and Imiotru. It was used as an overland trade route going to the Red Sea coast.
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Significant among these wadis is Wadi Hammamat near Thebes.
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In the east lies the mountainous Eastern Desert with its wadis draining into the valley. Thebes had an area of 93 km 2 (36 sq mi) which included parts of the Theban Hills in the west that culminates at the sacred 420-meter (1,378-foot) al-Qurn. As a natural consequence, the city was laid in a northeast-southwest axis parallel to the contemporary river channel. It was built largely on the alluvial plains of the Nile Valley which follows a great bend of the Nile. Thebes was located along the banks of the Nile River in the middle part of Upper Egypt about 800 km south of the Delta. The Greek names came into wider use after the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great, when the country came to be ruled by the Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty.Ĭharacteristics Geography To distinguish it from the numerous other cities by this name, it was known as the "Great Diospolis" ( Διόσπολις Μεγάλη, Diospolis Megálē Latin: Diospolis Magna). The name was therefore translated into Greek as Diospolis, "City of Zeus". In the interpretatio graeca, Amun was rendered as Zeus Ammon.
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As early as Homer's Iliad, the Greeks distinguished the Egyptian Thebes as "Thebes of the Hundred Gates" ( Θῆβαι ἑκατόμπυλοι, Thēbai hekatómpyloi) or "Hundred-Gated Thebes", as opposed to the " Thebes of the Seven Gates" ( Θῆβαι ἑπτάπυλοι, Thēbai heptápyloi) in Boeotia, Greece. However, since Homer refers to the metropolis by this name, and since Demotic script did not appear until a later date, the etymology is doubtful. Thebes is sometimes claimed to be the latinised form of Ancient Greek: Θῆβαι, the hellenized form of Demotic Egyptian tꜣ jpt ("the temple"), referring to jpt-swt the temple is now known by its Arabic name, Karnak ("fortified village"), on the northeast bank of the city. This name of Thebes appears in the Bible as the "Nōʼ ʼĀmôn" ( נא אמון) in the Book of Nahum and also as "No" ( נא) mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel and Jeremiah. From the end of the New Kingdom, Thebes was known in Egyptian as niwt-'imn, the "City of Amun", the chief of the Theban Triad of deities whose other members were Mut and Khonsu. The Egyptian name for Thebes was wꜣs.t, "City of the wꜣs", the sceptre of the pharaohs, a long staff with an animal's head and a forked base. In 1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The site of Thebes includes areas on both the eastern bank of the Nile, where the temples of Karnak and Luxor stand and where the city was situated and the western bank, where a necropolis of large private and royal cemeteries and funerary complexes can be found. It was a cult center and the most venerated city during many periods of ancient Egyptian history. It was close to Nubia and the Eastern Desert, with its valuable mineral resources and trade routes. Thebes was the main city of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome (Sceptre nome) and was the capital of Egypt for long periods during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom eras. Its ruins lie within the modern Egyptian city of Luxor. Thebes ( Arabic: طيبة, Ancient Greek: Θῆβαι, Thēbai), known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset, was an ancient Egyptian city located along the Nile about 800 kilometers (500 mi) south of the Mediterranean.